Transient dataset of household appliances with Intensive switching events.

With the development of Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM), it has become feasible to perform device identification, energy consumption decomposition, and load switching detection using Deep Learning (DL) methods. Similar to other machine learning problems, the research and validation of NILM necessitate substantial data support. Moreover, different regions exhibit distinct characteristics in their electricity environments. Therefore, there is a need to provide open datasets tailored to different regions. In this paper, we introduce the Transient Dataset of Household Appliances with Intensive Switching Events (TDHA25). This dataset comprises switch instantaneous data from 10 typical household appliances in China. The TDHA dataset features a high sampling rate, accurate labelling, and realistic representation of actual appliance start-up waveforms. Additionally, appliance switching is achieved through precise control of relay switches, thus mitigating interference caused by mechanical switches. By furnishing such a dataset, we aim not only to enhance the recognition accuracy of existing NILM algorithms but also to facilitate the application of NILM algorithms in regions sharing similar electricity consumption characteristics to those of China.

Study on the Efficacy and Clinical Value of Aminophylline and Doxofylline in the Clinical Treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Objective: To study and compare the efficacy and clinical value of aminophylline and doxofylline in the clinical treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Method: The study analyzed the clinical data of 92 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who received either aminophylline or doxofylline treatment in the hospital from January 2020 to June 2022. The patients were divided into a control group composed of 46 COPD patients who received aminophylline treatment and a study group composed of 46 COPD patients who received doxofylline treatment. The two groups' total effective rate and incidence of adverse reactions were compared. The serum inflammatory factor indicators, symptom scores, pulmonary ventilation function, arterial blood gas, chest and lung responsiveness, sleep status indicators, and quality of life scores of the two groups before and after treatment were compared. Results: At the end of treatment, the total effective rate was higher in the study group compared to the control group (P < .05). Regarding adverse reactions, the study group's total incidence was lower than the control group's (P < .05). After treatment, the levels of serum inflammatory factor indicators of CRP, PCT, and TNF- α in both groups were decreased compared with those before treatment; while comparing the above indicators between the groups, it was found that the values in the study group were lower (all P < .05). After treatment, the scores of symptoms such as cough, expectoration, and shortness of breath in both groups of patients were significantly lower than before treatment, while compared to the control group, the scores of all symptoms were lower in the study group (P < .05). After treatment, compared with FEV1, FEV1/FVC, PaO2, and PaCO2 before treatment, the above indicators in both groups were significantly improved. However, compared with various indicators in the control group, the values of FEV1, FEV1/FVC, and PaO2 in the study group were higher, while the values of PaCO2 in the study group were lower (all P < .05). After treatment, the measured values of indicators such as thoracic compliance, lung compliance, and total compliance in the two groups were significantly higher compared with those before the treatment, while compared to the control group, the values of all indicators in the study group were higher (P < .05). After treatment, compared with the control group's monitoring of various indicators of nighttime sleep, the study group obtained better data on monitoring of sleep latency and actual sleep duration. The group obtained lower scores in sleep quality evaluation, while the two groups significantly improved their sleep-related data in night-time monitoring and evaluation compared to those before treatment, with all P < .05. After treatment, the scores in various aspects of the quality of life of patients in both groups were significantly increased compared to those before treatment, and after comparing the scores of various quality of life between the two groups, it was found that the study group was higher than the control group (all P < .05). Conclusion: After the onset of COPD, doxofylline treatment can achieve better effects than aminophylline treatment.

Unmasking the dynamics of Mycoplasma gallisepticum: deciphering HD11 macrophage polarization for innovative infection control strategies.

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is a highly contagious avian respiratory pathogen characterized by rapid spread, widespread distribution, and long-term persistence of infection. Previous studies have shown that chicken macrophage HD11 cells play a critical role in the replication and immunomodulation of MG. Macrophages are multifunctional immunomodulatory cells that polarize into different functions and morphologies in response to exogenous stimuli. However, the effect of MG infection on HD11 polarization is not well understood. In this study, we observed a time-dependent increase in both the expression of the MG-related virulence protein pMGA1.2 and the copy number of MG upon MG infection. Polarization studies revealed an upregulation of M1-type marker genes in MG-infected HD11 cells, suggesting that MG mainly induces HD11 macrophages towards M1-type polarization. Furthermore, MG activated the inflammatory vesicle NLRP3 signaling pathway, and NLRP3 inhibitors affected the expression of M1 and M2 marker genes, indicating the crucial regulatory role of the NLRP3 signaling pathway in MG-induced polarization of HD11 macrophages. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism of MG infection, namely the polarization of MG-infected HD11 macrophages. This discovery suggests that altering the macrophage phenotype to inhibit MG infection may be an effective control strategy. These findings provide new perspectives on the pathogenic mechanism and control measures of MG.

Improvement of sorghum-wheat blended flours by E-beam irradiation: Physicochemical properties, rheological behavior, microstructure, and quality properties.

To enhance the processing suitability of blended flours, this study used 4 kGy E-beam irradiated (EBI) sorghum flour in different ratios blended with wheat flour and further verified the improvement mechanism of the processed products under the optimal ratios. The results suggested that the EBI can mitigate the deterioration of the blend flour farinograph properties while enhancing the gas release during dough fermentation. Under the same addition ratio, the irradiated blend flours showed higher expansion height, gas release, cavitation time, and gas retention coefficient than the control flours. Also, irradiated blend flours retained a gluten network at a higher addition rate (20 %). Moreover, the irradiated blend flours were optimized at 10 % as its pasting and thermal properties were improved. Notably, this ameliorating effect promotes a decrease in hardness and chewiness and an increase in cohesion of the bread cores, presenting better textural attributes and delaying the aging rate during storage. The findings are instructive for applying EBI technology in the manufacture and quality improvement of mixed grain breads and open a new research avenue for processing sorghum staple foods.

Drought decreases cotton fiber strength by altering sucrose flow route.

The potential mechanisms by which drought restricts cotton fiber cell wall synthesis and fiber strength formation are still not fully understood. Herein, drought experiments were conducted using two upland cotton cultivars of Dexiamian 1 (drought-tolerant) and Yuzaomian 9110 (drought-sensitive). Results showed that drought notably reduced sucrose efflux from cottonseed coats to fibers by down-regulating the expression of GhSWEET10 and GhSWEET15 in outer cottonseed coats, leading to promoted sucrose accumulation in cottonseed coats but decreased sucrose accumulation in fibers. Within cotton fibers, drought restricted the hydrolysis from sucrose to UDPG by suppressing sucrose synthase activity, and drought favored the conversion of UDPG to ß-1, 3-glucan rather than cellulose by up-regulating GhCALS5. Hence, cellulose content was reduced, which was the main reason for the decreased fiber strength under drought. Moreover, drought promoted lignin synthesis by up-regulating the expression of Gh4CL4, GhPAL9, GhCCR5, GhCAD11, and GhOMT6, which partly offset the negative influence of reduced cellulose content on fiber strength. Compared with Yuzaomian 9110, the drought-tolerance of Dexiamian 1 was evidenced in the following ways: (1) slighter blocked sucrose flow from seedcoat to fiber, (2) less ß-1, 3-glucan accumulation, and (3) more lignin biosynthesis under drought. Overall, this study provides new insights into the mechanism of drought impacting cotton fiber strength formation.

Changes in carbohydrate distribution of cotton and increase in boll weight reduced yield loss under high temperature.

Cotton yield is sometimes unresponsive to high temperature (HT) that induce significant reductions in fruit retention. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, a greenhouse experiment was conducted with two temperature regimes (control, control treatment, 28 °C; HT, 34 °C) for 7 days. Results showed HT did not significantly influence cotton yield, but remarkably reduce boll number and increase boll weight. 13C distribution ratio of the leaf subtending to cotton boll (LSCB) decreased while that of cotton boll increased under HT. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of LSCB revealed up-regulated genes involved in cytokinin and jasmonic acid synthesis, as well as SWEET15 (GH_D01G0218), which positively regulated photosynthesis and transport photosynthate, ultimately leading to increased boll weight. After 7 days recovering from HT, 13C distribution ratio of LSCB increased while that of cotton boll decreased. However, the boll weight still increased, which was related to the increased amylase and sucrose phosphate synthase activities and up-regulated sucrose transport genes in main-stem leaf and capsule wall. Thus, both the accelerated sucrose synthesis and transport in LSCB under HT and the increased sucrose supply ability in main-stem leaf and capsule wall after recovering from HT contributed to an increased boll weight, which finally maintained cotton yield.

Designing functional Li2CuO2-coated separators from Cu foil towards spent LiFePO4 cathode regeneration.

A chemical-physical investigation proved that the loss of active Li represents the main mechanism of capacity-fading in spent LiFePO4. Given this, functional Li2CuO2-coated separators were fabricated from spent Cu foil and found to contribute to the regeneration of spent LiFePO4 in a full-cell system. This study presents a novel method for cathode/Cu foil recovery.

Adequately increasing the wheat B-starch ratio can improve the structure-properties of dough during freeze-thaw cycles: Mechanisms and conformational relations.

To reveal the influence of wheat starch particle size distribution on frozen dough quality, this study reconstituted A/B starch according to 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100 and prepared reconstituted dough by compounding with gluten proteins. Further, the freeze-thaw cycle of 1, 3, and 9 times for reconstituted dough was performed to investigate its ratio-regulatory role of A- and B-starch. The results showed that the freeze-thaw cycle induced gluten network breakage and starch granule exposure in doughs mainly by disrupting disulfide and hydrogen bonds between gluten protein molecules and upsetting their secondary structures, leading to a reduction in GMP and polymer protein content and an increase in freezing water content. Moreover, a moderate increase (25-50 %) in the B-starch proportion can minimize gluten protein deterioration by freeze-thaw cycles. However, excessive B-starch amounts (75-100 %) can also adversely affect gluten structure. The prepared dumpling wrappers under the 50A-50B ratio showed optimal steaming loss rate, hardness, and chewiness during the freeze-thaw cycle. Correlation analysis indicated that the B-starch ratio and its filling pattern improved dough freeze-thaw deterioration primarily by affecting dough-free sulfhydryl content, protein molecular weight distribution, secondary structure, and ΔH. The results may provide insights and guidelines for product development and storage for frozen pasta.

Ternary composite degradable plastics based on Alpinia galanga essential oil Pickering emulsion templates: A potential multifunctional active packaging.

To reduce the use of petroleum-based plastics and explore multifunctional plastics, this study was conducted to prepare ternary composite plastics by doping Pickering emulsions containing Alpinia galanga essential oil into a polymer network consisting of poly(vinyl alcohol)-acetylated pullulan polysaccharides. Scanning electron microscopy results showed that although incompatible components were present in the composite plastic, compatibility improved with the addition of pullulan polysaccharides, resulting in smooth surfaces and cross-sections, which was consistent with the observation of continuous dark zones and low relative roughness (Ra = 5.51) in Atomic force microscopy. Further, Fourier transform spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction characterization revealed that the composite plastic disrupted the molecular and crystalline structures of the pure PVA, causing the stretching vibration of -OH and the decrease of relative crystallinity. Moreover, this plastic performed optimally at a PVA to pullulan polysaccharide ratio of 75:25, exhibiting good thermal (13.12 J/g) and mechanical properties, low water absorption (70.71 %) and water vapor transmission (1.80 × 10-3 g/m2 s), as well as excellent degradability. In addition, Alpinia galanga essential oil components in the composite plastic provided favorable antioxidant scavenging of DPPH and ABTS and inhibitory effects against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Chicken meat packaging revealed that the plastic maintained sensory parameters such as pH and color by inhibiting the oxidation of proteins and lipids during shelf-life. The findings provide insights into developing innovative, green, multifunctional packaging and broaden the in-depth application of Alpinia galanga essential oil.

Ultrahigh initial coulombic efficiency for deep sodium storage enabled by carbon-free vanadium-doping MoS2 hierarchical nanostructure.

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has garnered attention as a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity and unique lamellar texture. Nevertheless, unmodified MoS2 suffers from inferior electrical conductivity, poor reaction reversibility, and suboptimal cycle life upon repeated sodiation/desodiation. In this study, a novel carbon-free V-heteroatom doping MoS2 composite (abbr. VMS) with hierarchical laurustinus-like structure was synthesized by a facile one-step hydrothermal process. Specifically, the rational doping of V-atoms can effectively modulate the intrinsic electronic structure of pure MoS2, resulting in enhanced Na-ion diffusion rate, improved reaction kinetics and reduced activation energy compared to bare MoS2. Additionally, the hierarchical structure of the VMS composite, with sufficient spacing, effectively mitigates mechanical stress and ensures the integrity of active materials. Consequently, the prepared VMS composite possesses exceptional reaction reversibility (average ICE value of 92 %) and remarkable capacity retention (92.1 % after 450 cycles at 10 A/g). These findings contribute valuable insights into the development of advanced MoS2-based anode for sodium ion batteries.

Prediction of outpatient waiting time: using machine learning in a tertiary children's hospital.

Background: Accurately predicting waiting time for patients is crucial for effective hospital management. The present study examined the prediction of outpatient waiting time in a Chinese pediatric hospital through the use of machine learning algorithms. If patients are informed about their waiting time in advance, they can make more informed decisions and better plan their visit on the day of admission. Methods: First, a novel classification method for the outpatient clinic in the Chinese pediatric hospital was proposed, which was based on medical knowledge and statistical analysis. Subsequently, four machine learning algorithms [linear regression (LR), random forest (RF), gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT), and K-nearest neighbor (KNN)] were used to construct prediction models of the waiting time of patients in four department categories. Results: The three machine learning algorithms outperformed LR in the four department categories. The optimal model for Internal Medicine Department I was the RF model, with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 5.03 minutes, which was 47.60% lower than that of the LR model. The optimal model for the other three categories was the GBDT model. The MAE of the GBDT model was decreased by 28.26%, 35.86%, and 33.10%, respectively compared to that of the LR model. Conclusions: Machine learning can predict the outpatient waiting time of pediatric hospitals well and ease patient anxiety when waiting in line without medical appointments. This study offers key insights into enhancing healthcare services and reaffirms the dedication of Chinese pediatric hospitals to providing efficient and patient-centric care.

Insight into how E-beam pretreatment promotes sodium hypochlorite oxidation for structure-property improvement of cassava starch: A molecular-level modulation mechanism.

To investigate the role of E-beam treatment on the structure-properties of oxidized starch, this study investigated the influence of E-beam (1, 3, 6 kGy) pretreatment combined with NaClO oxidation (1% and 3%) on the multi-scale structural, physicochemical, and digestive properties of cassava starch. Results showed that E-beam treatment did not affect the starch surface, but the oxidative modification increased granule surface roughness. Also, the synergistic modification preserved starch growth rings, FT-IR patterns and crystal types. Further investigations revealed that E-beam induced starch molecular degradation, leading to decreased molecular weight, depolymerization of long chains, and a loss of short-range order. Moreover, oxidation treatment exacerbated the disruption in starch molecular structure, as evidenced by crystallinity loss, viscosity, and enthalpy reduction. Notably, E-beam induces starch yellowing; however, oxidative modification increases starch whiteness. Additionally, the synergistic modification improved native starch's lower solubility and enhanced the resistant starch content. Results suggest that E-beam pretreatment can enhance oxidative modification by promoting the exposure of active sites of starch molecules without destroying starch structure and can be considered an advanced, green, and efficient pretreatment for modified starch in the future.

Auxin and abscisic acid play important roles in promoting glucose metabolism of reactivated young kernels of maize (Zea mays L.).

In maize, young kernels that are less competitive and have poor sink activity often abort. Studies have indicated that such poor competitiveness depends, in part, on the regulation by auxin (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA). However, the mechanisms for such effects remain unclear. We used pollination-blocking and hand-pollination treatments accompanied by multi-omics and physiological tests, to identify underlying mechanism by which IAA and ABA, along with sugar signaling affect kernel development. Results showed that preventing pollination of the primary ears reactivated kernels in the secondary ears and altered both sugar metabolism and hormone signaling pathways. This was accompanied by increased enzyme activities in carbon metabolism and concentrations of glucose and starch, as well as increased levels of IAA and decreased levels of ABA in the reactivated kernels. Positive and negative correlations were observed between IAA, ABA contents and cell wall invertase (CWIN) activity, and glucose contents, respectively. In vitro culture revealed that the expression of genes involved in glucose utilization was upregulated by IAA, but downregulated by ABA. IAA could promote the expression of ABA signaling genes ZmPP2C9 and ZmPP2C13 but downregulated the expression of Zmnced5, an ABA biosynthesis gene, and ZmSnRK2.10, which is involved in ABA signal transduction. However, these genes showed opposite trends when IAA transport was inhibited. To summarize, we suggest a regulatory model for how IAA inhibits ABA metabolism by promoting the smooth utilization of glucose in reactivated young kernels. Our findings highlight the importance of IAA in ABA signaling by regulating glucose production and transport in maize.

Spotlight on the Multiscale Structural and Physicochemical Properties of Red Adzuki Bean Starch through Partial Amylose Removal Combined with Hydrochloric Acid.

To explore the effect of amylose within starch granules on the efficiency of starch hydrolysis by acid, we chose the warm water extraction method to treat red adzuki bean starch to obtain different degrees of amylose removal granule models and to prepare samples in combination with acid hydrolysis. The amylose content was reduced after acid hydrolysis, reducing the peak viscosity (2599-1049 cP), while the solubility was significantly increased. In contrast, the short-chain content of the deamylose-acid hydrolysis samples was reduced considerably, exacerbating the trend towards reduced starch orderliness and increased solubility. This work reveals the granular structure of starch from the point of view of deamylose and contributes to a thorough understanding of the mechanisms of acid hydrolysis. It might add to knowledge in starch science research and industrial applications for the acid processing of starch-based foods, particularly with regard to the most important factors controlling the structure and function of starch.

Sampled-data exponential consensus of multi-agent systems with Lipschitz nonlinearities.

In this paper, the exponential consensus of leaderless and leader-following multi-agent systems with Lipschitz nonlinear dynamics is illustrated with aperiodic sampled-data control using a two-sided loop-based Lyapunov functional (LBLF). Firstly, applying input delay approach to reformulate the resulting sampled-data system as a continuous system with time-varying delay in the control input. A two-sided LBLF which captures the information on sampled-data pattern is constructed and the symmetry of the Laplacian matrix together with Newton-Leibniz formula have been employed to obtain reduced number of decision variables and decreased LMI dimensions for the exponential sampled-data consensus problem. Subsequently, an aperiodic sampled-data controller was designed to simplify and enhance stability conditions for computation and optimization purposes in the proposed approach. Finally, based on the controller design, simulation examples including the power system are proposed to illustrate the theoretical analysis, moreover, a larger sampled-data interval can be acquired by this method than other literature, thereby conserving bandwidth and reducing communication resources.

Effect of electron beam irradiation on granular cold-water swelling chestnut starch: Improvement of cold-water solubility, multiscale structure, and rheological properties.

In this study, granular cold-water swelling (GCWS) starch was prepared from chestnut starch by ethanol-alkali method, after which it was further modified by electron beam irradiation (EBI) technique to investigate the effect of EBI on GCWS chestnut starch. It was shown that the alcohol-alkali treatment disrupted the starch double helix structure and the starch crystalline form had been changed from "C" to "V" type. On this basis, EBI continued to act on the disrupted starch chains and further cleaved the long chains into short chains, which significantly improved the solubility of starch to 90.08 % in cold water at a 24 kGy irradiation dose. Therefore, this study can broaden the application scope of starch and provide new ideas for GCWS starch applications in food and water-soluble pharmaceutical industries.

Electron beam irradiation-assisted prepare pea starch nanocrystals and characterization of their molecular structure, physicochemical and rheological properties.

Electron beam irradiation (EBI) is an environmentally friendly physical modification technology. In this study, pea starch nanocrystals (SNC) were prepared by EBI-assisted pretreatment, and investigated the effects of EBI on the multiscale structure and physicochemical properties of SNC. EBI-assisted pretreatment didn't change the particle morphology, crystalline type and FT-IR spectra of SNC. However, EBI-SNC's relative crystallinity and short-range orderliness index (R1047/1022) significantly increased with increasing irradiation dose (5 KGy-20 KGy). In addition, EBI-assisted pretreatment caused the long chains of SNC's amylopectin to break into short chains. Moreover, EBI-assisted treatment significantly reduced the mean size, molecular weight, apparent amylose content, swelling power and SDS + RS content of SNC, while increasing the solubility, zeta potential and RDS content. Furthermore, the flow properties of the EBI-SNC samples were increased. The results show that EBI effectively changed the structural and functional properties of SNC, and the excellent functional properties are expected to broaden the application range of SNC.

Sex differences in depression, anxiety and health-promoting lifestyles among community residents: A network approach.

BACKGROUND: Researchers have studied sex differences in typical depressive and anxiety symptoms and their cooccurrence. The World Health Organization (WHO) proposed a mental health promotion objective that suggests considering protective health-promoting factors when developing strategies for preventing mental disorders between sexes. From a network perspective, psychopathology is viewed as a result of interacting symptoms and influential factors. This study adopted network approach to investigate sex differences in health-promoting lifestyles (HPL) and the cooccurrence symptoms of communities in Shanghai. The aim is to provide health-promoting suggestions on better enhancing the life quality for community members. METHODS: Depression, anxiety symptoms, and HPL were assessed with PHQ-9, GAD-7 and HPLP-II scales in 2420 adults (1411 females). Networks were constructed by Gaussian Graphical Models and the networks of two sexes using the Network Comparison Test. RESULTS: Females scored significantly higher on PHQ-9 (p < 0.001) and GAD-7 (p < 0.001), and no differences were found between the two sexes in HPL scores. Restlessness and low energy yielded the highest strength centrality in the female network, while suicide ideation and restlessness were central in male network. Regarding protective HPL, physical activity and stress management were identified as the central mental health-promoting behaviours in female and male network, respectively. However, stress management was positively related to suicide ideation in the male network. CONCLUSION: Communities should be aware of suicide ideation in males because of its high relationships with other symptoms and also provide stress management courses, especially for males. As for women, chronic energy deficiency deserves more attention for its high probability of cooccurrence with other symptoms in the network. Also, advocating physical activities may be particularly beneficial for the overall mental health among women. Future study should collect time-series data and analyze intraindividual networks to specify personalized health promoting strategies for each individual.

Designing Sphere-like FeSe2-Carbon Composites with Rational Construction of Interfacial Traits towards Considerable Sodium-storage Capabilities.

Due to their low cost and high stability, sodium-ion batteries have been increasingly studied. However, their further development is limited by the relative energy density, resulting in the search for high-capacity anodes. FeSe2 displays high conductivity and capacity but still suffers from sluggish kinetics and serious volume expansion. Herein, through sacrificial template methods, a series of sphere-like FeSe2-carbon composites are successfully prepared, displaying uniform carbon coatings and interfacial chemical FeOC bonds. Moreover, benefiting from the unique traits of precursor and acid treatment, rich structural voids are prepared, effectively alleviating volume expansion. Utilized as anodes of sodium-ion batteries, the optimized sample displays considerable capacity, achieving 462.9 mAh g-1, with 88.75% coulombic efficiency at 1.0 A g-1. Even at 5.0 A g-1, their capacity can be kept at approximately 318.8 mAh g-1, while the stable cycling can be prolonged to 200 cycles above. Supported by the detailed kinetic analysis, it can be noted that the existing chemical bonds facilitate the fast shuttling of ions at the interface, and the enhanced surface/near-surface properties are further vitrified. Given this, the work is expected to offer valuable insights for the rational design of metal-based samples toward advanced sodium-storage materials.

The role and mechanism of electron beam irradiation in glutaric anhydride esterified proso millet starch: Multi-scale structure and physicochemical properties.

To investigate the effect of electron beam irradiation (EBI) pretreatment on the multiscale structure and physicochemical properties of esterified starch, this study used EBI pretreatment to prepare glutaric anhydride (GA) esterified proso millet starch. GA starch did not show the corresponding distinct thermodynamics peaks. However, it had a high pasting viscosity and transparency (57.46-74.25 %). EBI pretreatment increased the degree of glutaric acid esterification (0.0284-0.0560) and changed its structure and physicochemical properties. EBI pretreatment disrupted its short-range ordering structure, reducing the crystallinity, molecular weight and pasting viscosity of glutaric acid esterified starch. Moreover, it produced more short chains and increased the transparency (84.28-93.11 %) of glutaric acid esterified starch. This study could offer a rationale for using EBI pretreatment technology to maximize the functional properties of GA modified starch and enlarge its implementation in modified starch.